'Dirty Pretty Things mixes realism and symbolism in a highly effective Essay

'Dirty Pretty Things mixes realism and symbolism in a highly effective way.' Discuss - Essay Example The film explores Londons illness, and takes viewers through several disturbing experiences, but does so without becoming unnecessarily vicious (Sneider, 2003). In this essay the effective use of symbolism and realism in the movie will be examined. Dirty Pretty Things portrayal of life for immigrants in London is revealing in its depiction of inhumanity that happens in big cities in the real world. Yet it conveys this message using symbols and metaphors, without forcing the message on the viewers, but rather allowing events to speak loudly of the harsh reality. It raises significant social problems while presenting a wide range of interdisciplinary allusions along the way. Thus, the explanation for the film’s title is understood in a conversation between two characters. â€Å"The hotel business is about strangers," Sneaky said to Okwe, â€Å"They go to the hotel at night to do dirty things, and in the morning we make it all look pretty again.† (Manitowoc Public Library, 2008) Symbolism can be defined as the utilization of non-direct articulation or a situation where the audience realizes that what the author is expressing and describing is possesses a â€Å"concealed or deeper meaning† (Todeschi, 1995). In The Encyclopedia of Symbolism (1995), Todeschi stresses that symbolism is utilized as an enhancement tool to emphasize the plot of a story. In books and movies, symbolism plays a bigger function in expressing the writer or director’s real meaning and emotions. Many of the characters and objects in the Dirty Pretty Things are symbolic. When symbols or metaphors are present, people often assume complex literary plots or themes. However, in the movie, symbols are evident because of the obvious messages they communicate to the audience. For instance, when the character Okwe is called to clean a toilet in the hotel, he discovers a human heart in it. This is an appalling symbol and

Quality of Life Essay Example for Free

Quality of Life Essay Twenty first century is witnessing a world that has become an increasingly diverse and complex place. Changing global trends are causing a paradigm transformation of social and cultural systems. Western societies are experiencing an accelerated aging and people in general have evolved a misconception about today’s elderly. They are perceived as being sick, isolated, self-centred and a burden on society, which is totally false. There is a need to develop social cohesion between generations and within the older generation to understand the matter in correct perspective. An effort has been made in this paper to focus on this key issue and highlight the importance of inter and intragenerational relationships to quality of life to older people. The present demographic profile of the United Kingdom reflects a number of consistent and marked trends. People are living increasingly longer, the birth rate is showing a steady decline and the mean age is increasing steadily. By 2031, the over 80s population is predicted to double to 5 million, according to the Office of National Statistics. If the health of the elderly population follows current trends that will mean people spend more of their lives fighting various illnesses. Since 1981, the amount of time women can expect to live in poor health has increased by 15%. For men, the length of poor health rose by 34% (Triggle, 2004). Besides health, older people face the mobility problems, poor transport and lack of finance. Car usage declines with age and varies by sex. 77 per cent of men and 64 per cent of women aged 65-74 in 2001 in Great Britain had access to automobiles (National Statistics, 2006). Today, we can observe a significant change in family structures. The realignment of family ethos has caused varying degrees of separation between the young and old members of families and affected familial relationships negatively. As people age and their working lives end, they may have more free time available to spend in a social circle. Barriers of older life further enhance the necessity to promote inter and intragenerational relationships. This paper scrutinizes the various dimensions of quality of life at old age. It overviews the factors affecting quality of life and highlight the significance of relationships at old age. Components of Quality of Life  Quality of life is a wide ranging term. The Department for Work and Pensions of UK (2006) identifies five domains as the most relevant to assessing progress in older people’s quality of life: 1) Independence within inclusive communities. 2) Healthy, active living. 3) Fairness in work and later life. 4) Material well-being. 5) Support and care. Independence within inclusive communities necessitates to address issues like exercising independence, exercising choices that give them control over key aspects of their lives, and participation in local community through inter and intragenerational relationships. Health and active living deals with problems like access to healthcare proportionate to older peoples needs. Fairness in work and later life encompasses factors like job opportunities, involvement in decisions that affect their lives, and no age discrimination in access to goods, services and employment. Material wellbeing includes sustaining key elements of their previous lifestyle, and using their resources to best effect. Support and care encompasses the supply of care and support, availability of support in a variety of forms to meet diverse needs, affordable care, and protection to older people from abuse. Factors Affecting Quality of Life of Older People Good quality of life in old age is a realistic ambition for all. Early old age, sometimes called the Third Age, between 55 and 75 years old, is the phase of life between leaving the labour market and the onset of physical dependency. There are a number of factors that affect quality of life at this age. A research study carried out by Dr Blane (2003) concluded that quality of life for the affluent-healthy is higher than for the deprived-sick. Having control over when and when not to work has a significant bearing on quality of life. Then the quality and density of a persons social network was more important than the number of people in the network. Importance of Intergenerational and Intragenerational Relationships to Quality of Life The term generation has a numerous contemporary meanings, incorporating biological, familial and social factors (Back, 1987). An intergenerational perspective (between and across generations) highlights the reciprocal obligations, rights and influences between different generations. An intragenerational perspective identifies similar age groups and the succession of individuals who are distinguished by the bounds of a society and set apart by time and common experience (Fredriksen, 1993). Historically, within the UK, there had been a strong tradition of the young learning from the old in their role as respected elders or through structures such as apprenticeship schemes and trade guilds (Hatton, 2002). Significance of intergenerational relationships is evident from a survey which reports that to the elderly, welfare of children and grandchildren is twice as more important than their own health and money (Roy, 1999). Older parents have always been providing financial support in the forms of donations, gifts and regular monetary contributions to their children. They are also important sources of instrumental support (shopping, cleaning, home maintenance, childcare) and emotional support (advice, validation) for their children (Bengtson, Rosenthal Burton, 1990). Many elderly people continue to provide support for adult children and the provision of a home for one’s children can extend well beyond middle age (Evandrou, Falkingham, Rake Scott, 2001). Living arrangements are a key dimension of quality of life and well-being in old age. Older people living alone are more likely to enter an institution than those living with other people (Breeze, Slogett Fletcher, 1999). Involvement of older persons in local communities contributes to their quality of life, as well as to the functioning of the community. The relationship between different groups of older persons is therefore very crucial in maintaining the quality of life (UN-Economic and Social Council, 2002). Altered patterns of mortality and fertility have made intergenerational structures in the family more â€Å"top heavy† and vertically extended. While horizontal, intragenerational ties are shrinking, vertical ties across generations are more complex and durable than ever before in history (UN-Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005). Importance of social groups and networks in later part of life is quite evident from a research study carried out in Scotland (Philip, Gilbert, Mauthner and Phimister, 2003). The participant observations and questionnaires have provided useful insights into the levels and types of participation in social groups among older people in the study area. The report finds that there is high level of participation and involvement in social groups amongst older people (aged over 60). As a whole, respondents attended 68 wide-ranging types of groups including civic participation (e. g. local government), voluntary activities (e. g. Red Cross; Meals on Wheels), friendship, social, leisure, religious, cultural, heritage and special interest groups. Those aged in their seventies and early eighties were the most likely to be involved in social activities Another study summarises that older people preferred the company of others, had a higher level of contact with friends and lower levels of psychological problems (McKee, 2002). In 2002 around three in ten men aged 80 and over and nearly one in five women in England said they owned a mobile phone. Use of mobile phones and the Internet helps older people to remain independent by making it easier for them to communicate with their family and friends or to access public and commercial services (National Statistics, 2006). Conclusion Society in the UK is changing. More people are living longer in greater prosperity. In the next decade, the numbers over 50, over 65 and over 80 will all increase to levels never seen before. We need a coherent strategy to manage that demographic change. Elaborate and diligent plans are required to enable older persons to continue to participate fully in all aspects of life. For a better quality of life, we need to promote the development of a society for all ages through the strengthening of intergenerational and intragenerational solidarity. Young generations have responsibilities and a special role in building a society for all ages. Older generations have equal role to play.

Effect of Brexit on the Financial Sector

Effect of Brexit on the Financial Sector Brexit: A bleak future for the financial sector? Abstract The word â€Å"Brexit† evolves from Britain and exit which is an unforeseeable situation that the UK is now facing. Brexit could cause damages to the UK economy in the long term, especially those in financial sector. The solutions to lessen the impacts of Brexit have been illustrated in this essay. This essay also aims to discuss the impacts of Brexit on asset management services and the banking industry. It will then evaluate these impacts on different aspects: international students, UK housing market, stock market and Britons who live in EU countries. Introduction On 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum whether to leave the European Union (EU) or not. Most Britons believed beforehand that the UK would not leave the EU. Surprisingly, the result was 52% of the voters decided to leave the EU (CFA INSTITUTE, 2017). As a result, David Cameron who, at that time, was the prime minister of the UK had to resign. Subsequently, the position in charge was taken by Theresa May. Following this step, on 29 March 2017, the UK government has formally announced its invoking of Article 50 which is the initial step to formally exit from the EU. Thus, the word â€Å"Brexit† evolves from Britain and Exit. The process must be finalized within two years. This means, in March 2019, the negotiation has to be done. However, from a very recent Guardian article, this process could be postponed because there are new variety of regulations which need to be implemented and many institutions that require new staffs to operate (Miller, 2017). It appears highly likely that once Brexit occurs, Britain will lose its right to tariff-free access to the EU market. In other words, UK-based firms, especially those in the financial sector, may be unable to conduct their operations throughout the EU. As a result, overseas financial institutions whose European headquarters are located in the UK must reconsider their decision on whether to continue operating their management from the UK or not. This could cause long-term negative consequences to the UK economy. Therefore, this essay will discuss the impacts of Brexit on financial services, particularly asset management and the banking, moving on this essay will also evaluate these impacts on Britain’s post-Brexit future. Financial Services Financial services are the economic activities that are involved in the flow of money in the financial system. The services include asset management which is the service that aims to allocate money to maximize the profit. Additionally, the banking is an institution which mainly provides such services as accepting deposits and issuing loans to clients. Those activities have become one of the crucial parts of the UK economy and it provides an opportunity for the UK to influence world banking industry. According to the House of Lords EU Committee, 7-12 percent of GDP of the UK, 7-12 percent of employment ratio and 11 percent of tax receipts are ruled by the financial services. Furthermore, the largest trade surplus of the UK in 2014 was the financial services which accounted for  £58 billion of which  £19 billion is the trade with the EU country Austen, Hunt, Kelly, Naylor, & Sants, 2016). However, this positive circumstance could possibly be worsened by the referendum which was held on 23 of July 2016. This is also a major concern for the financial services. As a consequence of Brexit, it is forecasted that the UK could lose 31000-35000 job positions in financial services. In addition, the worst scenario, this number could increase to 40000 (Arnold, 2016). This number accounted for 3-4 percent of job position involving with the financial services in the UK (Austen et al., 2016). Asset management services Asset management is referred to an activity of generating returns for investors from the capital which is subsidized by investors. According to the Investment Association and the Financial Conduct Authority, the UK asset under management (AUM) is  £6.9 trillion, approximately, of which  £2.2 trillion is the overseas client. In addition, 55 percent of the overseas client, or  £1.2 trillion, is the European clients (CFA INSTITUTE, 2017). This can be said that the asset management industry has played a crucial part in the UK economy. Moreover, losing the right to access the EU market could possibly cause long-term problems to the UK economy. After Brexit, the UK-based investment firm could witness severe problems supporting the EU clients, as claimed by Christian Nolterieke, managing director at MyPrivateBanking Research (Greenhalgh, Mooney, & Williams, 2017). In order to serve clients and recruit talented people in the EU, they must acquire the tariff-free license to access the EU market which the UK’s license will no longer be valid if they pursue Brexit. Moreover, the advertisement and marketing are also prohibited from the non-european economic area (EEA), as stated by Nolterieke. There might be some solutions to cope with this issue. One of them is to establish an office in Europe. However, to do so, the business must be in a large scale. This is because establishing office in Europe requires high amount of capital, well-corporate structure, office, and people, as stated by Julie Patterson who is the consultant of asset management global Brexit at KPMG (Greenhalgh, Mooney, & Williams, 2017). Furthermore, to establish an office in Europe, the regulation of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, known as MiFID, requires 20 or more employers onshore. As a result, finding a partner of business in Europe could possibly be the most moderate method to lessen the effect of Brexit, as determined by Nathan Bostock who is now the executive directors of Santander UK (Gerrard, 2017). This is because the UK-based firm is still benefit from being a partner with Europe-based firm, even though the benefit is not fully equivalent to the past. It is a method called profit-sharing in which it could stimulate the UK and Europe economy in the long-term. Surprisingly, in 2017, the research conducted by the CFA instituted, the institution which is the community of fund managers, have shown that two-thirds of the fund managers have not changed their investment horizon after Brexit. Theoretically, this might be because the fund managers tend to invest in the equity market which the price of the equity could increase when the pound is depreciated. The Banks In this essay, the types of bank will be categorized into three types: commercial bank, retail bank and investment bank. Firstly, commercial bank is a financial institution which mainly provides such services as deposit and withdraw of money and offers loans to big business. Secondly, unlike commercial bank, retail bank or consumer bank provides the same services to customers in a non-business sector. Lastly, investment bank is not the bank who provides such services as accepting money or issuing loans services. On the other hand, it is the bank who provides advises on stock market launch, mergers and acquisition or even taking over other company. The impact of Brexit on these types of banks could cause the similar problems as in asset management services. This is mainly because the EU requires the approval of Markets in Financial Instruments Directives (MiFiD) to allow banks to operate in the EU. In order to maintain MiFiD status, the UK must be part of the European Economic Area (EEA). This circumstance is not likely to occur if the UK favours a ‘hard Brexit’. This is because ‘hard Brexit’ means the UK has to relinquish its MiFid license as it will no longer be valid. As a result, this occurrence causes the world’s leading financial institutions to leave the UK. Paris has been one of the biggest rivals for the European financial centre since the UK referendum. However, due to the high corporate tax rate, 33.3 percent, this effects Paris’s attractiveness to be lessen (Stothard, 2017). In this sense, the opportunity is now belonging to Dublin because 12.5 percent tax rate in Ireland could attract the firms from all over the world. Moreover, those firms who wish to move to Ireland do not need to establish new banking license. This is exemplified by the announcement from the Bank of America, the second largest bank in America by total asset, that the bank has chosen Dublin as the headquarter office for its EU operation after Brexit (Noonan, 2017). Brian Moynihan, chief executive officer of the Bank of America, also told the Financial Times that â€Å"We’ve been working with the Central Bank of Ireland to get it all set up and it’s been a very smooth process so far. The government is trying to help us get through the regulatory process.† (Noonan, 2017). As a consequence of the support from the government and an existing banking license of Dublin, it could support the Bank of America to accomplish its process ahead of Brexit easily. Frankfurt has also competed for the position of post-Brexit financial centre. From the announcement of Deutsche Bank, the largest bank in German, they will transfer most of their assets and operation to Frankfurt in this autumn (Arnold, Martin, & Noonan, 2017). This could be one of the largest transfer of single EU bank, as stated by the chief executive officer, John Cryan. Another decision made by Citigroup’s Europe, Middle East and Afica (EMEA) chief executive office, Jim Cowles, that the bank decided to move theirs main trading operation to Frankfurt (Arnold et al., 2017). This is because Frankfurt is well known for its infrastructure and skilled workers which the bank has already had on ground, as claimed by Mr.Cowles. These actions from two of the largest bank in the world could threaten Britain’s economic in the long term, indeed. Undoubtedly, international banks such as Nomura Holdings, the fifth largest bank by asset and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation which is the third largest bank in Japan by asset have already published their plan on moving their main operation to Frankfurt after Brexit (Arnold, 2017). Turning to another side of the issue, there are several private banks who are now enlarging their services in the UK. According to the Financial Times, the senior executives at the following banks; Credit Suisse, UBS, Socià ©tà © Gà ©nà ©rale and Pictet announced that the companies will expand their operation and investment in the UK (Arnold, 2017). This is because the UK is still attractive in terms of market potential. In other words, the wealthy clients still find an opportunity in the UK. This idea was also supported by Jakob Stott who is the EU head of UBSs wealth management businesses (Franklin & Gruber, 2016). Britain’s post-Brexit future International Student The UK has been known for its quality of education but this might be extravagant for international student to study in the UK. However, due to the UK referendum, the pound sterling witnessed a huge drop after the vote had been officially announced (Broadbent, 2017). This drop benefits international students directly because the pound depreciated in its value, comparing to other currency. In other words, international students in the UK spend less budget on their course and accommodation. To illustrate, one of Thai students claimed that the cost of their study which includes tuition fee, accommodation and living expense is now 15 percent lower, approximately. This means there would be a soar in a number of international applicants who desire to pursue the quality of the UK education. UK Property Property in the UK has always been a target for overseas investors, mainly London property. Due to the devaluation of pound sterling, overseas investors found that the UK property is reasonably priced. The study conducted by the property investment firm, JLL, showed that 28% of the housing market transaction in 2016 was done by Asian investors (Vaswani, 2017). This could directly affect the Britons because those Asian investors could inflate the housing market by their unlimited demand. This means house prices could be overvalued for British citizen who are in need of the house. Stock Market The referendum also benefits the UK stock market. This is because those multinational companies who are listed in the London Stock Exchange (LSE) receive their revenue in other currencies, mostly in dollars, which means the depreciation of pound could boost the company’s profit (Inman, 2016). As a result, the stock price of the company rocketed after Brexit which means it creates the value for British company in the long term. British Citizens who live in EU country Technically, if Brexit did occur, the British citizens who live in the UK could become the illegal evacuees overnight. This statement was also supported by Dominic Grieve who is the UK former attorney general. Moreover, there is a possibility that British expats could lose their right in the EU Health care system (Bennett, 2017). Thus, the negotiation might involve such issues as the right to work, permitted license to possess the EU property or even the entitlement to access the EU health care system. Conclusion In conclusion, the UK referendum could be the beginning of a period of unpredictability, especially for those in financial sector. The asset management industry and the banks whose operations are based in the UK could experience even worse predicament. As a result, some international banks are now seriously considering the proposals of moving their operation to the EU country, namely Frankfurt and Dublin. However, for those in asset management, the strategies have not been changed. Fund managers still optimistic on the UK equity market which directly benefits from weaker pound. Moreover, for those in private bank sector, there is a determination to expand their operations after Brexit. The weaker pound sterling also boosts the number of international students and global investors in the UK, mostly those in housing and stock market. For Britons who live in the EU, there is a concern about losing their status as the EU citizens. References Arnold, M. (2017, July 30). MUFG eyes Amsterdam as post-Brexit EU base. Financial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Times. Retrieved August 12, 2017 from https://www.ft.com/content/158dcffe-7535-11e7-90c0-90a9d1bc9691 Arnold, M. (2017, August 1). Brexit set to raise UK banks’ costs 4% and capital needs 30%. Financial Times. Retrieved August 5, 2017 from https://www.ft.com/content/9fdf35a4-7610-11e7-a3e8-60495fe6ca71 Arnold, M., Martin, K., & Noonan, L. (2017, July 20). Citigroup and Deutsche Bank give Frankfurt a Brexit boost. Financial Times. Retrieved August 2, 2017 from https://www.ft.com/content/1b38eb1a-6d55-11e7-b9c7-15af748b60d0 Austen, M., Hunt, P., Kelly, D., Naylor, L., & Sants, H. (2016). The impact of the UK’s exit from the EU on the UK-based financial services sector. Oliver Wyman. Retrieved August 2, 2017 from http://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/oliver-wyman/global/en/2016/oct/  Ã‚   Brexit_POV.PDF Bennett, A. (2017, March 30). What will Brexit mean for British expats?. The telegraph. Retrieved August 19, 2017 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/eu-facts-what-would-leaving-the-eu-mean-for-expats/ Broadbent, B. (2017). Brexit and the pound. Bank of England. Retrieved from http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2017/speech969.pdf CFA institute (2017). What It Means for Investment Management Brexit: A guide for investment professionals. Retrieved from https://www.cfainstitute.org/ethics/Documents/guide_to_brexit.pdf Franklin, J., & Gruber, A. (2016, March 2). UBS considers acquisitions to expand wealth management in Europe. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved August 15, 2017 from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ubs-wealth-europe-idUKKCN0W41EB Gerrard, B. (2017, July 13). Spanish business leaders suggest UK could be global trade hub post-Brexit. The Telegraph. Retrieved August 12, 2017 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ business/2017/07/13/spanish-business-leaders-suggest-uk-could-global-trade-hub-post/ Greenhalgh, H., Mooney, A., & Williams, A. (2017, August 2). Brexit is going to be a mess for UK wealth management. Financial Times. Retrieved August 9, 2017 from https://www.ft.com/content/f2451362-147d-11e7-80f4-13e067d5072c House of Lords EU Committee (2016). Brexit: Financial Services (9th Report of Session 2016–17). Retrieved July 10, 2017 from https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/lds elect/ldeucom/81/81.pdf Inman, P. (2016, October 4). Q&A: falling pound, rising markets. Why is Britain’s currency suffering while shares in its biggest companies are soaring ?. The Guardian. Retrieved August 12, 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/oct/04/qa-falling-pound-rising-markets Kelly, J., (2017, July 12). Investment in UK fintech tops pre-Brexit levels in first half of 2017. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved August 1, 2017 from http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-britain-fintech-investment-idUKKBN1AA2VN Miller, G. (2017, August 12). Britain must ask for more time to negotiate Brexit. The Guardian. Retrieved August 16, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2017 /aug/12/britain-more-time-negotiate-brexit Noonan, L. (2017, July 21). Bank of America choose Dublin as EU base after Brexit. Financial Times. Retrieved August 1, 2017 from https://www.ft.com/content/1fff392a-6e17-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa Stothard, M. (2017, July 7). Paris rolls out ‘red-white-and-blue carpet’ for banks. Financial Times. Retrieved August 12, 2017 from https://www.ft.com/content/464c67d8-630e-11e7-91a7-502f7ee26895 Vaswani, K. (2017, April 28). Brexit not deterring Asian investors from UK property market. BBC. Retrieved August 17, 2017 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39732816

Blood Imagery in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth Essays

Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a story taken from Scottish history and presented to the Scottish king James I. Shakespeare took this gory tale of murderous ambition, however, and transformed it into an imaginative tale of good and evil. Shakespeare brought about this transformation by relying upon â€Å"imaginative verbal vigor† that imbeds itself in the brilliantly concentrated phrases of this literary work. Critics have dubbed it his darkest work, along with King Lear. In his critique of Shakespeare’s works and plays, Charles Haines describes Macbeth as â€Å"one of Shakespeare’s shortest plays, containing just 2,108 lines.† He further states that it is a vigorous, headlong drama, a relentless spectacle in red and black. (Haines, p. 105) This red and black spectacle reveals itself to the reader and audience through the use of blood imagery. Blood, or the imagery attached to it, appears 42 times in this play. This imagery of blood begins as a representat ion of honor and progresses into one of evil, then guilt, and finally returns to represent honor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The symbolic use of blood roots in the opening lines of Macbeth when Macbeth accepts honor for his bravery in battle. Duncan sees the injured captain and says, â€Å" What blood is that?† (Act I, Scene 2 line.1) The captain says that Macbeth’s sword â€Å"smoked with bloody execution.† (Act I, Scene 1, line. 20) Here the captain describes Macbeth’s sword that is dripping with warm enemy blood and steaming in the cold morning air of the battlefield. The blood on the sword signifies valiant fighting by a brave soldier. At this point, King Duncan glorifies Macbeth. The bloody sword gives birth to this reverence. In his unique style of presentation, Shakespeare’s two references to blood allude to the honor that Macbeth earns in battle for his king. This was the highest of honors for a soldier. At this point, he becomes â€Å"brave Macbeth.† King Duncan rewards his bravery and victory by giving him the title of Thane of Cawdor. Ironically, this title was available because the previous Thane of Cawdor experienced execution for treason. Therefore, the first bloodshed earned Macbeth respect and a title. (123helpme.com, PG 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this advantageous victory, Macbeth listens to the three witches as they make predictions of the immediate future. Macbeth and his lady then set forth a chain of... ...ctions to the blood they have spilled. Finally, in a true Shakespearean twist, blood once again represents honor and victory at the end. This tragedy therefore ends with the same form of blood imagery as it began. However, the character that kills Shakespeare’s first character to gain honor through the shedding of an enemy’s blood wins the honor. Works Cited 1.) â€Å"Use of Blood Imagery in Macbeth.† 123helpme.com 23 April 2012.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=5720.htm. 2.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Macbeth.† Zecscrab 24 April 2012.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www,zekscrab.users.50megs.com/Cummings/Shakespeare/Macbeth.html. 3.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Macbeth.† Elements of Literature. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Austin: Harcourt Brac & Company, 1996. 301-382. 4.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Haines, Charles. William Shakespeare and His Plays. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1968. 5.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shakespeare’s Macbeth.† CliffsNotes West, Alex. Foster City: IDG Books Worldwide,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inc., 2010.

Open Racism

When I think about is racism still alive today, a particular poem comes into mind its entitled:â€Å"Racism Is Around Me Everywhere†. | | â€Å"Of human ignorance I am almost in despair For racism is around me everywhere But like they say sheer ignorance is bliss Just like Judas betrayed Jesus with a kiss. Some people carry their honor in a flag And of their Nationality they brag They feel superior and they differentiate And against those who are different they discriminate. So many people still judged by their race For such there never ought to be a place ‘A fair go' those untruthful words I do recallThere is no such a thing as a ‘fair go for all'. Though we live in a so called democracy Of racism we never will be free They judge you by where you come from and the color of your skin For many equality and respect seems impossible to win. It's been awhile since the days of Martin Luther King His name to it has a familiar ring If against racism he did not choose to strive Today the great man he would be alive. So many holding the reins of power not spiritually aware And racism is around me everywhere And racism only leads to division and war Just goes to show how ignorant some are. † (Frances Duggar) | |Racism is a belief held by some that there are characteristics and abilities can be attributed to people simply on the basis of their race and that some racial groups are superior to others. Racism and discrimination have been used as powerful weapons encouraging fear or hatred of others in times of conflict and war, and even during economic downturns. For people throughout the world, the election of Barak Obama to the U. S. presidency seemed to signal in a new era, that of the end of racism. Indeed, Obama's election was a momentous occasion and, one would have hoped, a milestone on the road to reconciliation.However, some recent, very ominous events cast a worrisome veil over the democratic process in the United States. These events poin ts out how racism is still a problem in the United States. Racism occurs often times out of fear. Many people fear what is different to them and what they do not know. This in turn, makes it scary when you see people who look different than you do and sometimes, you treat those individuals differently because you do not know them. Racism occurs in different facets of society. Schools, the government and the workplace are sometimes the worst examples of racism.Racism in schools Millions of African American and Latino young people in the United States don’t get an education equal to that of most whites, partly because the urban schools they go to don’t have as much money as the schools in the white suburbs. This is because the country has decided that much of the money for schools should come from local property taxes. So in communities where the houses and businesses are less expensive, the schools don’t get enough money to provide a high quality education. This is unfair. This is institutional racism.If we financed schools differently every student, regardless of his or her â€Å"race†, could go to a high quality school that was the equal of the schools other students attend. The Government Hurricane Katrina: The government had known for years that a big hurricane was likely to cause dangerous flooding in New Orleans. The plans they made didn’t include any way to get poor people (predominately African Americans) out of the city to safety. When the storm and the flooding did come with Hurricane Katrina in 2005, much of the country saw on TV that thousands of people of color were stranded in the city without food, water, housing or safety.The government was incredibly slow to rescue people, to provide food and shelter, and to help them rebuild their houses. Many people believe that if those stranded had been mostly white people the rescue efforts would have been much quicker and effective. Racism in the Workplace Racism in the form of discrimination persists in society also. A case in point is that blacks have traditionally suffered from higher rates of unemployment than whites. In June 2009, black employment was at 15. 3 % compared to an 8. 8% unemployment rate for whites. Do blacks simply not take the initiative that whites do to find work?Studies indicate that, in actuality, discrimination likely contributes to the black-white unemployment gap. (Thompson) Critics will say how can racism still exists with the election of the United States first black president. Since President Obama took office he has been a rise of subtle racism against our president. It can be seen in the supporters of the new â€Å"birthers† movement, who stir up doubts about Obama's citizenship. During the 2008 presidential campaign, there was no impetus to question John McCain’s birthplace even though it was common knowledge that McCain was born in Panama; because he is white.The president’s birthplace should n ot have been an issue at all but yet to this day you still have a lot of Americans who still question his birthplace. Critics also say with electing our first minority president, and minorities reaching higher levels of education, obtaining more earnings and more distinguished careers, one might infer that prejudice is dead. I contend that it is alive and flourishing while lurking beneath the shadows of figures that naturally inflate with the growth of a burgeoning society.If racism does not exist then what accounts for â€Å" the wide range of disparities that still exist in society, most of which show black Americans with worse outcomes than whites in areas such as income, home ownership, health and employment,† study researcher Samuel Sommers, a psychologist at Tufts University, said in a statement. When most Americans think of racism they think of the open racism back in the Civil Rights movement and during slavery times when crosses were burned in African-American yards. They think of the KKK when they think of racism which was upfront and in your face. The fact that the KKK and groups such as these that still exist prove the point that racism still occurs in the United States. While racism may not be as widespread as before, it exists, without a doubt. While we like to think that those unfortunate days of racism are behind us, it still exists. Today, racism is much less obvious and less prevalent. However, we are still reminded that racism is alive and well, and we must continue working to do away with it.Every day in the news there are stories dealing with the unfair treatment of minorities, women, and gays. America is the best country in the world because of the opportunity given to every individual and because of its constant struggle for equality of all. Any person, of any race, creed, or religion can succeed with hard work and determination. The problem is that the level of those individual’s success is sometimes determined, by the colo r of their skin. The race for social equality is persistent here, but there are still problems with the system.So, unfortunately racism does still exist today in the United States. References William-White, L. , & White, J. (2011). Color Marks the Site/Sight of Social Difference: Dysconscious Racism in the â€Å"Age of Obama†. Qualitative Inquiry, 17(9), 837. Retrieved December 12, 2011, from Research Library. (Document ID: 2495960131). William March. (16 May). Researcher: Evidence shows racism in opposition to Obama. McClatchy – Tribune Business News,. Retrieved December 12, 2011, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 2348227321). Thompson Matthew (2011).Does Racism still exist today? Answers from Men. Retrived December 12, 2011 http://www. answersfrommen. com/2011/01/does-racism-still-exist-today/ Mosser, K. (2011). An introduction to logic. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (https://content. ashford. edu) Pappas Stephanie. (2001) Study: Whites say they are racists’ victims. Retrieved December 12, 2011. http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2011/05/24/scitech/main20065864. shtml http://poemhunter. com/poem/racism-is-around-me-everywhere/ http://www. politicususa. com/en/political-racism

Free Essays on Bystander Apahy

Bystander Apathy By: Kee As you wait to cross the street, a blind man is standing in front of you. Without warning, he begins to cross the street even though the light has not changed in his favor. He seems to be in no danger until you see a car about a half mile away speeding towards him. Totally unaware of the situation, the man continues walking across the street. As you and many others watch in horror he is struck by the car. Although every single one of you had plenty of time to rescue him, you just watched, hoping that someone else would do it. After all, you don't know him so it's really none of your business. This is what is referred to as "bystander apathy". People close enough to see, hear and possibly touch one another are socially distant and totally indifferent to the fact that another human being may be dying, in immediate danger, or asking for help. This extremely sad urban problem is just that- a problem of cities. The likelihood of this occurring increases with the number of people present a nd it is probable that there will be many people to witness an event when it happens in high density cities. Urban sociologists, social psychologists, and criminologists have argued for years that the size of cities is directly related to the amount of "social pathology" they contain. The legal consequences are not severe. Unless an individual is a certified medical doctor, they have no obligation in Alberta to help anyone in need. So generally, they don't. The personal consequences may be more severe. Feelings of guilt and regret may follow an event, especially if it ends fatally or if the individual feels that they could have done something significant. Because of this, people attempt to convince themselves and others that they were justified in their inaction because "it wasn't their place", "I didn't want to do it alone", or "I didn't want to get involved." Excuses like this often stem from fears of being seen as abnormal... Free Essays on Bystander Apahy Free Essays on Bystander Apahy Bystander Apathy By: Kee As you wait to cross the street, a blind man is standing in front of you. Without warning, he begins to cross the street even though the light has not changed in his favor. He seems to be in no danger until you see a car about a half mile away speeding towards him. Totally unaware of the situation, the man continues walking across the street. As you and many others watch in horror he is struck by the car. Although every single one of you had plenty of time to rescue him, you just watched, hoping that someone else would do it. After all, you don't know him so it's really none of your business. This is what is referred to as "bystander apathy". People close enough to see, hear and possibly touch one another are socially distant and totally indifferent to the fact that another human being may be dying, in immediate danger, or asking for help. This extremely sad urban problem is just that- a problem of cities. The likelihood of this occurring increases with the number of people present a nd it is probable that there will be many people to witness an event when it happens in high density cities. Urban sociologists, social psychologists, and criminologists have argued for years that the size of cities is directly related to the amount of "social pathology" they contain. The legal consequences are not severe. Unless an individual is a certified medical doctor, they have no obligation in Alberta to help anyone in need. So generally, they don't. The personal consequences may be more severe. Feelings of guilt and regret may follow an event, especially if it ends fatally or if the individual feels that they could have done something significant. Because of this, people attempt to convince themselves and others that they were justified in their inaction because "it wasn't their place", "I didn't want to do it alone", or "I didn't want to get involved." Excuses like this often stem from fears of being seen as abnormal...

The Europeans essays

The Europeans essays Culture Shock: Eloquent European Luxury to Simple New England life Throughout Henry James The Europeans, the interaction of individuals who possess vast cultural and social differences creates powerful themes of social order, conformity, tolerance, and love. The admiration of a foreign nobility, by a group of aristocratic American families demonstrates the abundance of social structure in the nineteenth century setting. Unexposed to the romantic culture of Europe, the Wentworths hold great respect for their guests solely because of their position. In reference to Gertrude Wentworth the author states, She had never in her life spoken to a foreigner, and she had often thought it would be delightful to do so (p. 53). The previous quote displays the pure idea of speaking with a foreigner would intrigue the common individuals living in America. The manner in which the Wentworths European cousins hold themselves in, created awe and bewilderment in their common counterparts; as evident in this statement. The cheerful off-hand tone in which her visitor related this darkly romantic tale seemed to Gertrude very strange; but it seemed also to convey a certain flattery to herself, a recognition of her wisdom and dignity. She felt a dozen impressions stirring within her (p. 57). Even after becoming fully acquainted with the familys lost cousins, it became clear that no less respect or subservience would be held for them. As witnessed in this quote, We have a Baroness among us. That's what we must keep hold of! (p. 141). Due to the lack of experience of foreign culture, a simple family remains in a state of awe when they take in a pair of eminent guests. Despite their differences, the characters in this book find ways to conform and tolerate each others life style, without giving up their own dignity and principles. A less endearing and accepting character, Mr. Wentworth ...

Red Lake High School Shooting Essay Essays

Red Lake High School Shooting Essay Essays Red Lake High School Shooting Essay Essay Red Lake High School Shooting Essay Essay Essay Topic: High School Jeffrey James â€Å"Jeff† Weise was an Ojibwe Native American stripling. and a pupil at Red Lake Senior High School in Red Lake. Minnesota. He killed nine people and wounded five others in a shooting fling on March 21. 2005. when he was merely 16 old ages old. Weise foremost murdered his gramps and grandfather’s girlfriend at his dawdler place in Red Lake. He so shot and killed an unarmed security guard. a instructor and five pupils at Red Lake Senior High School. The shot ended when Weise committed self-destruction. Research shows that Jeff was a unusual immature adult male. interested in Gothic things black vesture and Nazism. but a expression a small farther into his yesteryear led to a few interesting disclosures. Jeff’s parents were neer married. because his female parent was merely 17 when she gave birth. She was forced to give Jeff to his male parent when he was three months old. Then when he was two his female parent took him back. She was reportedly an opprobrious alky with a inclination to both physically and emotionally mistreat her first born boy. In 1997 Jeff’s father committed self-destruction after a two twenty-four hours draw with constabulary. Then in 1999 his female parent suffered encephalon harm after a auto accident in which she had been imbibing and driving. Jeff was so placed in the attention of his grandma at the Red Lake Reservation. Jeff did non hold the right start in life. His parents should hold been older and more ready for a kid when he was born. They besides should hold been married. Jeff besides should hold had a more stable place life as an baby. It is dubious that he had a steadfast fond regard with his female parent or male parent sing that he was passed between them at 3 months old and 2 old ages old. He besides should non hold been physically or emotionally abused. His female parent failed him in that facet and the fact that she was an alcoholic makes it even worse. It is besides dubious that Jeff dealt with his father’s self-destruction in a healthy manner. He did non hold the support that he should hold had from his female parent. By the clip he got to his grandmother’s attention he had already led a really hard life. This ties in to every chapter that we have discussed so far. It refers to attachment. maltreatment. adolescence and everything. It all goes back to the first thing we talked about that said when parents fail to give their kid a good start in life everybody suffers. as is the instance with the households of Jeff’s victims.

Littleton Manufacturing Case Study group paper Term

Littleton Manufacturing Case Study group - Term Paper Example These transformations alongside growing rivalry in the market had crucial impact on Littleton manufacturing via Brooks industries declining financial performance. In order to articulate the issue, the management of Littleton manufacturing was worried with articulating the underlying challenges that affected the corporation. The corporation after a series of boardroom talks reached a decision that was aimed at computing a human resources process improvement team-PIT, to underline the issues and second a curative course of action (Whiteside, 1994). Problems identified and their symptoms Grievances at distinct levels of the corporations firm surfaced over the concern of bad institutional communication at the company. With this as a manifestation of the institutional bottlenecks at the corporation, the management of the company sought help from students at an adjacent institution to examine the institutional communication at Littleton. The PIT panel gathered the outcome from the students and carried out an in-house scrutiny that established six essential problem areas that the corporation was to deal with. The first problem established was the deficiency of institutional concord at Littleton. The evident deficiency of institutional concord was perceived through the anxiety displayed by the employee who held to the fact that the production side got ignored over the newer ingredients side. The components side had newer technology and machines whilst the production side had obsolete and redundant machines that needed regular servicing even they never got replaced. The employees also cited the strict working environment in the production side of the firm in contrast to the ingredients side. The employees perceived the management of the components side as overly strict where that of the components side seems elastic and at ease. The employees cited the fact that the two sides of the firm seemed to have distinct management techniques (Whiteside, 1994). The second problem was pitiable view of the monitor’s duty. All levels of the plant got worried about the duty of the supervisors. The directors felt tangential, underappreciated and overworked. The directors had an incredible amount of paperwork, and this restricted the amount of time they had to cover up their levels. This, they supposed, amounted to laxity amid various employees who understood when the directors would come to the level to monitor them. The directors felt nonessential when it came to decision making. They supposed they just got from their seniors when it came to the process of decision making and got criticized when such decisions failed to deliver their expectations. The controllers were as well on morale because of the little support and resources they received from the senior managers. They supposed the senior directors never would support then if they embarked on their own decisions (Whiteside, 1994). The deficiency of uniformity in the enforcement of policies and measur es inside the distinct sides of the plant also got mentioned as a problem at Littleton. Grievances came up from the employees about the disparities inside the department and sides at the firm when imposing policies and measures. Proof of this occurred when the employees protested that various managers in the components side offered longer breaks in contrast to other managers in other departments. In the

The Role of the Hydrocarbons Regulatory Agency in Norway Coursework

The Role of the Hydrocarbons Regulatory Agency in Norway - Coursework Example This undertaken initiative also includes the structuring of appropriate strategies meant to increasing the effectiveness of oil and natural gas extraction operations within the Arctic regions1. The authoritative body that regulates the hydrocarbon production and distribution within Norway is the Storting (Parliament). This governmental institution has also been provided with the responsibility of structuring appropriate policies that are meant to ensure appropriate environmental safeguard. This governmental infrastructure found its existence during the period of 1814 and since then, it has been majorly involved in the formulation of effective regulations through, which the hydrocarbon resources of this nation can be utilized in a much effective manner. Apart from the Storting (Parliament), multiple other governmental entities also subsist within the nation, which regulates every functional aspect of the hydrocarbon sector of Norway2. Instances in this context can be provided by taking reference of the activities performed by the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (MPE) and the Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (PSA) in context to utilizing the hydrocarbon resources of this n ation in an effective manner. Thus, this discussion will majorly focus towards understanding the roles and objectives of the hydrocarbon regulatory agencies of Norway. The objective of this discussion will also include summarised facts regarding the techniques through which, the governmental structure of Norway planned to utilize its resource base with the intention of accomplishing the future growth perspectives of the nation’s economy3. Specific comparisons will also be carried out between the roles and responsibilities of the hydrocarbon regulatory agencies of Norway to that of the regulatory agencies of other specific nations. Considering the above facts, a simple

What is the value in having, as well as the disadvantages in relying Essay

What is the value in having, as well as the disadvantages in relying on the Rondas campesinas to provide an alternative justice system in highland Peru (Text, pp. 287-288) - Essay Example While on the other hand, one arm of the state attempted to co-opt them and their leaders were accused of taking over the functions of the police and the judiciary; they therefore faced criminal charges that often led to incarceration. At the beginning Rondas Campesinas was comprised of primarily autonomous farmers who were mestizo and Spanish; since they had no confidence in the police or the courts of being able, or enthusiastic to protect them from organized bunch of hooligans involved in theft of cattle and other violent crimes (Hancock, 2007). They supposed that the police were too slow and incompetent in responding to unlawful activities; moreover, they thought that more could have been done to manage the routes used to move the cattle out of the area and the centre where the stolen cattle were sold. In its composition, the Ronda consist of The General Assembly, made up of peasants who posses land in a particular ham let, elects the members of the Ronda committee. The committee is further divided into sub-sections; each sector is also organized by a delegate appointed by the Rondas. Men aged 18 to 60 are expected to serve in the Ronda patrols, in as much as women do not take part in the night patrols; they support the work of the Rondas by providing food and other additional services (Starn,1990). When a suspect has been found, the Rondas’ work is to hand him over to the General Assembly for further interrogation but not to the police. The General Assembly is assigned with the task of deciding whether the suspect has committed an illicit offence, and if that is the case, what punishment should be administered. Formerly, they were not allowed by the constitution to become directly involved in the administration of justice, but latter, the comunidad campesina performs jurisdictional functions. And in most cases they use physical punishment in order to re-establish

Factors affecting the salary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Factors affecting the salary - Essay Example Executives receive a variable compensation that is known as executive bonus that is based on attainment of organisational goals and objectives. Managers also get long-term incentives that are based on the firms’ goals and objectives. Executive perquisites and benefits are different than those that are offered to subordinates. This means that they receive higher levels of pension plans, fringe benefits, life insurance and health insurance. The website states that the pay rates for executive compensation in the US are higher as compared to the situation in other countries. The situation is similar in other nations including Asia and Europe. It is also clear that managers have the option to increase their levels of compensation. This has attracted numerous ethical concerns over the years. The book starts by stating that the issue of executive remuneration has attracted increasing attention over the years especially following the 2008/2009 banking crisis. This leads to the important question on the factors influencing executive remuneration. The recent discussion has shifted from how much the executives make in a month to how much they can make from their firms. The book notes that executive remuneration has spawn out of control in the recent past. In fact, it has become clear that the bonuses available to executive are approximately seventy percent of their basic salary. The High Pay Commission found verification that high pay for executives has negative impacts for society and the economy at large. The same commission found that while executives’ salaries increased dramatically over the years, the share prices have been observed to have declined significantly. Generally speaking, the main factors influencing executive remuneration include the decisions by remuneration committees, inherent values of executives, competitive forces in the market. There are two main theories that can further explain this

Plea Bargaining in the United States Criminal Justice System Essay

Plea Bargaining in the United States Criminal Justice System - Essay Example lude reading the charges and allowing the accused to make a plea, which might be stating whether they are guilty, or acceptance through lack of contestation usually referred to as nolo contendere. The nature of plea entered by the defendant implicates the judicial process in several ways, particularly if the course of the proceedings depends on the powers of the prosecutor (Schmalleger, 2011). Plea bargaining involves the agreement between the involved parties, mainly the prosecutor and the defense team to reach a consensus on the plea entered with the authority of the court. It may appear counterproductive for instance to enter a not-guilty plea while the facts before the court indicate that the case will be lost by the defendant. Alternatively, plea bargaining may occur on request of the prosecution if the evidence in the possession of the prosecution does not amount to a case strong enough to defeat the prosecution. In summary, plea bargains control the judicial process to avoid spending of resources and time by engaging in a process that arrive at conclusions that could guide the process if otherwise received in the beginning of the trial. Plea bargaining takes three potential areas of interest for the parties to engage in negotiations, with charge bargaining, sentence bargaining and fact bargaining forming different perspectives for trade-in. This discussion highlights the first two areas of bargaining (charge and sentence) for purposes of differentiating how the negotiations proceed (Schmalleger, Siegel and Worrall, 2011). In terms of charge bargaining, the prosecutor and defense team revisit the particular counts of criminal offences pursued by the prosecution so as to arrive at an agreement founded on the case probabilities. The prosecutor convinces the defendant to enter the guilty plea on lesser charges while other charges are dropped in order to save the process from long undue procedures. As an illustration, the defendant may accept an offer to

Drivers influencing changes to the supply chain management Essay

Drivers influencing changes to the supply chain management - Essay Example Nevertheless despite such investments, challenges abound. It is therefore a process that requires continuous improvement anchored in the core philosophy of an organization. Introduction In order to gain a competitive advantage in the international supply chain process, it is imperative to match the various value adding activities in the chain with the comparative advantages realized in the different sectors that make up the entire chain. Indeed, supply chain management has become an important determinant of the success of any industry and business. In this regard, companies across the world are seeking the best ways to enhance the efficiency and performance of their supply chains. In this regard, supply chain managers are increasingly facing challenges involved in the three areas of supply chain process: procurement, processing and distribution. Managing supply chains in the present world is certainly a fluid process. While globalization increases the opportunities for businesses acr oss the world it also increases the risks involved. In this regard, any company operating beyond one border must understand the critical need to effectively manage its supply chain process. Supply chain management is no longer conducted behind the scenes. ... in electronic invoicing, automated notifications, computerized shipping ad tracking in addition to a wide range of new applications which are intended to enhance efficiency in the supply chains. The focus of all these changes is always to cut down costs and streamline the expenses realized by companies. In addition, the management philosophy employed within an organization largely determines the success of its SCM. It is important for the leadership to regard supply chain as a competitive advantage. The leadership should have a clear understanding of the capacity and strengths of the supply chain and how it affects growth, customer service and profitability of the organization (Neef, 2004). Other organizations usually consider the option of outsourcing their supply chain management in order to create efficiency. In this regard, the management philosophy of an organization with respect to its supply chains greatly determines the success of the process (Fredendall & Hill, 2001). Global ization and Supply Chain Management In the past few decades, the growth of the global economy and the global marketplace has influenced both consumers and industries alike. Through globalization, the business environment has become more competitive and connected. As such both opportunities and threats have increased. The hitherto existing barrier of distance has been eliminated through new technology and more efficient communication channels. Today, there is a greater networking across organizations mostly driven by the efficient transportation and logistics realized today (Ayers, 2007). Businesses operating in such a global economy have many options on how and where they can produce their products, which markets to sell to and how to interact and communicate to their suppliers and

Factors affecting the salary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Factors affecting the salary - Essay Example Executives receive a variable compensation that is known as executive bonus that is based on attainment of organisational goals and objectives. Managers also get long-term incentives that are based on the firms’ goals and objectives. Executive perquisites and benefits are different than those that are offered to subordinates. This means that they receive higher levels of pension plans, fringe benefits, life insurance and health insurance. The website states that the pay rates for executive compensation in the US are higher as compared to the situation in other countries. The situation is similar in other nations including Asia and Europe. It is also clear that managers have the option to increase their levels of compensation. This has attracted numerous ethical concerns over the years. The book starts by stating that the issue of executive remuneration has attracted increasing attention over the years especially following the 2008/2009 banking crisis. This leads to the important question on the factors influencing executive remuneration. The recent discussion has shifted from how much the executives make in a month to how much they can make from their firms. The book notes that executive remuneration has spawn out of control in the recent past. In fact, it has become clear that the bonuses available to executive are approximately seventy percent of their basic salary. The High Pay Commission found verification that high pay for executives has negative impacts for society and the economy at large. The same commission found that while executives’ salaries increased dramatically over the years, the share prices have been observed to have declined significantly. Generally speaking, the main factors influencing executive remuneration include the decisions by remuneration committees, inherent values of executives, competitive forces in the market. There are two main theories that can further explain this

Drivers influencing changes to the supply chain management Essay

Drivers influencing changes to the supply chain management - Essay Example Nevertheless despite such investments, challenges abound. It is therefore a process that requires continuous improvement anchored in the core philosophy of an organization. Introduction In order to gain a competitive advantage in the international supply chain process, it is imperative to match the various value adding activities in the chain with the comparative advantages realized in the different sectors that make up the entire chain. Indeed, supply chain management has become an important determinant of the success of any industry and business. In this regard, companies across the world are seeking the best ways to enhance the efficiency and performance of their supply chains. In this regard, supply chain managers are increasingly facing challenges involved in the three areas of supply chain process: procurement, processing and distribution. Managing supply chains in the present world is certainly a fluid process. While globalization increases the opportunities for businesses acr oss the world it also increases the risks involved. In this regard, any company operating beyond one border must understand the critical need to effectively manage its supply chain process. Supply chain management is no longer conducted behind the scenes. ... in electronic invoicing, automated notifications, computerized shipping ad tracking in addition to a wide range of new applications which are intended to enhance efficiency in the supply chains. The focus of all these changes is always to cut down costs and streamline the expenses realized by companies. In addition, the management philosophy employed within an organization largely determines the success of its SCM. It is important for the leadership to regard supply chain as a competitive advantage. The leadership should have a clear understanding of the capacity and strengths of the supply chain and how it affects growth, customer service and profitability of the organization (Neef, 2004). Other organizations usually consider the option of outsourcing their supply chain management in order to create efficiency. In this regard, the management philosophy of an organization with respect to its supply chains greatly determines the success of the process (Fredendall & Hill, 2001). Global ization and Supply Chain Management In the past few decades, the growth of the global economy and the global marketplace has influenced both consumers and industries alike. Through globalization, the business environment has become more competitive and connected. As such both opportunities and threats have increased. The hitherto existing barrier of distance has been eliminated through new technology and more efficient communication channels. Today, there is a greater networking across organizations mostly driven by the efficient transportation and logistics realized today (Ayers, 2007). Businesses operating in such a global economy have many options on how and where they can produce their products, which markets to sell to and how to interact and communicate to their suppliers and

Criminological research Essay Example for Free

Criminological research Essay Longitudinal Approach to Chicago Crime Research The Project on Human Development in Chicago Research conducted a research regarding the historical origins of crime using the statistical longitudinal approach — eight-year-follow-up from 1993 to 2001 on 11,000 individuals with equal male to female ratio in nine different age groups selected at random from 70 different communities— and the developmental crime analysis using multi-field approaches from various related studies in criminology, sociology, psychology and biology. The Project is based at Harvard School of Public Health and is jointly sponsored by National Institute of Justice and MacArthur Foundation. The project attempted to explain the psychological and criminological determinants of the city in response to the mounting crime rates from the years 1960’s to current. In lieu with this, the project also aimed to find ‘solutions’ through the aforementioned multi-disciplinary analysis combined with therapeutic intervention analysis. Understanding criminal behavior entails identification of the source (from birth to adulthood), the developmental origin and environmental influences. Main areas for the study include individual differences, influences from family, school, peer and community, criminal careers, predictions of dangerousness. Data collection is by multistream STORI approach—self-reports tests and examinations, observational procedures (surveys and interviews), existing records, and informant reports. Community, as a determinant, is analyzed through systemic social observation. Changes in family structure is measured at several factors including the individual and/or mixed effect of household environment, care providers, key figures , presence of extended family, quality of upbringing, and the relationships within. The impact of racism on construction of identity of the samples was also considered. Gender-specific roles was also investigated–— why males tend to be more violent and the females more into sexual and property offenses  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€ their differential response to developmental determinants, individuality, and social behavior with focus between adolescence-adulthood period. Antisocial behavior as exhibited by criminal behavior is evaluated at traumatic stress (and PTSD), abuse and child development; the coping mechanism and resilience and cycle of violence hypotheses is evaluated in line with this. Aside from exploring the history and patterns of anti-socialism, the project maimed at creating intervention programs at the following age group to prevent recidivism: 0-6 (improved social skills and cognitive stimulation); and young adolescents (modeling, peer leader and educ films); young adults (probation and diversion programs). Testing persistence-desistence hypothesis by using various theories [ (bio-psych development, social learning and control, social organization, network, rational choice and deterrence theory)] with focus on peer relations will also be included in the Project. The Project also aimed at creating a pragmatic, large-scale approach for crime prevention by testing their hypothesis on differential social organization, individual differences, peer groups and social networks. The Project’s scheme is rather ambitious considering that it requires an 8 year statistical analysis, only 200 field experts and one co-sponsor (aside from the federal). While it is true that ‘meta-analysis’ can be applicable for such types of study, there are problems in statistical method sampling especially if the test samples ‘migrated’ or ‘died’ before the end of the project. Would the Project resort to attrition analysis? The investigation may also be weak because it relies on questionnaires and interviews, and most criminals, in reality, rarely talk about their life. Technology should also be assessed for the study. Additionally, the methods used, although very extensive, may be very tiring to the staff. Although the objectives of the study are great, the methods require extensive staffing and careful management and (detached) association with the samples in the study. Reference Earls, F. J. and Reiss, A. J. (1994). Breaking the Cycle. NIJ Research Report. 91 pp.

Governance and Enterprise Restructuring of Macedonia

Governance and Enterprise Restructuring of Macedonia Abstract: This paper is a case study of the Republic of Macedonia (Southeast Europe), which focuses on examining governance and enterprise restructuring. Governance and enterprise restructuring is already defined indicator in EBRDs studies and transition reports, measuring the effective corporate governance and corporate control exercised through domestic financial institutions and markets, fostering market-driven restructuring. As of the beginning of the transition process, governance and enterprise restructuring remains in the center, as essential pillar, that moves forward the society towards developed market economy. The data used in this article are analyzed with an econometric regression model, which as employed in this study examines the interrelationships between governance and enterprise restructuring and set of policies that influence the governance patterns. JEL Classifications: G30, G32, G38; L33; O11; P31 Keywords: governance, corporate governance, management strategy, transition, Southeast Europe, Macedonia Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Prof. Nicola Bellini for the continuous support, as well as, the PhD Program in Management and MAIN Lab of Scuola Superiore SantAnna, Pisa, Italy Introduction The research in this paper is to be focused on examining governance and enterprise restructuring in Southeast Europe economies and in particular a case study of the Republic of Macedonia. EBRD has governance and enterprise restructuring as basic indicator of economic transition and defines it as effective corporate governance and corporate control exercised through domestic financial institutions and markets, fostering market-driven restructuring. The corporate governance is most often defined in terms of the roles, responsibilities, and interactions of top management and the board of directors. Using data of South-East Europe i.e. case study of Macedonia, will be examined the interrelationships between governance and enterprise restructuring and set of policies that influence the governance patterns. Literature Review There are several contemporary theories that set the foundations of governance and enterprise restructuring within a framework important for this research. The institutional setting is of essence when governance and enterprise restructuring is analyzed in transition economies. Further, the literature on corporate governance is extensive and is linked to important theories, of which the agency theory is fundamentally predominant. The established agency theory highlights the function of corporate governance in the overall enterprise restructuring, ensuring that the firm protects the interests of shareholders in a given institutional context . Thus, the institutional setting has impact on the outcome of companies performance through the very nature of countrys ownership structure and policies undertaken to shape the governance system. When companies are analyzed, it is important to state the presence of different agency conflicts between shareholders and management in a given ownership structure of each country. Hence, different countries have divergent governance systems leading to variations in the nature of the agency problems, where ac cording to the law and economics viewpoint, legal systems craft institutional specificities . The literature further proposes that different national governance systems are also influenced by cultural and historical features in addition to their specific legal system . The links between agency theory and institutional theory explain that divergences in national institutions may have significant impact on the effectiveness of governance at the firm level . The law and economics approach (e.g., ) puts the focus on the fact that the ability to enforce financial contracts and thus increase the effectiveness of governance depends on institutional characteristics . Further, it is stated that in order to complete the frame already set by the agency theory it is necessary to merge it with institutional theory . There are two principal strings of institutional theory fitted to the analysis: a) the first, origins in political science and b) the second is derived from organizational theory . The political science approach focuses on the setup where political and economic institutions create incentives for managers and the way the outcomes are shaped. On the other hand, the organizational theory approach is concerned with the adjusting function of organizations while creating the institutional environment. In this regard, Aggarwal and Goodell argue that national corporate governance differences between countries used in their study are determined by legal, cultural, and other national characteristics . 1. Corporate Strategies in transition economy environment As countries undergo serious system transformations the managers are faced with complex decision-making environment , and thus it is closely regarded that the performance of large enterprises should be linked to managerial flexibility in making strategic decisions within the context of the firms governance. Furthermore, there arent many sources that can point towards emerging corporate governance mechanisms in South-East Europe, although prior research suggests that independent managers and board of directors (corporate governance) may be an important necessity for managerial ability to undertake performance-enhancing strategies . Before restructuring, the revenues were generated by monopolistic structure through a handful of specialized state-owned companies. As the reforms progressed towards free market economy in environment with sluggish internal demand, adopting better strategies may be closely linked to better financial performance of the firm . Moreover, we can see that previo us research has linked strategies with performance , and governance directly with performance , and consequently in this research we will make an essay to implement the governance and enterprise restructuring EBRD indicator as measure against set of policies. Economic reforms introduced in Southeast Europe aimed at increasing enterprise efficiency and making their products internationally competitive and thus reforms were tied with structural crisis . The pre-reform environment that was characterized by import protection and export promotion through monopolistic, state-owned foreign trade companies which in many terms crippled the enterprises to meet overseas threats and as a result made the internationalization of their work very difficult. As liberalization of the market forces and privatization progressed they were meant to eliminate the constraints imposed on managers by state ownership and command economy system . In the case of the Southeast Europe, companies were privatized using range of methods . Thus, the privatization process resulted with diverse range of ownership structures and governance mechanisms . The corporate governance affects enterprises restructuring and financial performance . Indeed, when firms from transition economies are involved in international activities, they are likely to develop their capabilities . As a consequence of the peculiar characteristics of the capital markets in South-East Europe i.e. lack of well developed capital markets, limited portfolio diversification and liquidity, it is often stated that large shareholders could wish to utilize potential upside of a particular business strategy, but they are frequently restrained and affected adversely by the companys idiosyncratic risk . Due to this phenomenon they chose to impose sub-optimal strategies on managers. Moreover, large shareholders in transition countries where the protection of minority investors is low, most often endeavor to take advantage of their power and grasp private benefits of control. This expropriation can be found in a range of forms, such as related party transactions, use of trans fer pricing, assets stripping and other forms of tunnelling of revenue and assets from firms . Therefore, in such economies high ownership concentration was investors response to low levels of protection of minority shareholders in emerging markets . Even though we analyze and focus specifically on Macedonia, variations in governance regimes indicate sufficient international analyses of governance and enterprise restructuring in the specific group of economies that undergo serious difficulties in transformation. Corporate governance and enterprise restructuring in Macedonia 1. Institutional and legal framework The institutional framework is essential in the development of the governance and enterprise restructuring process. There institutions that carry of the process are the Securities Commission and the Macedonian Stock Exchange and are aided by the Central Securities Depository . The legal framework is comprised of sets of laws and regulations including the first 1996 Company Law its enactment of 2004, as well as, the Securities Law, the Law on Takeovers, the Bankruptcy Law, and the Macedonian Stock Exchanges corporate governance code and listing rules . 2. Overall assessment of corporate governance characteristics Macedonias corporate governance model is consistently built since the beginning of transition to modern market economy. Thus, it complies with the notion that each country shapes its particular way of governance due to its own history, culture, and legal and regulatory framework . The main characteristics of the Macedonian corporate governance model are : Gradual concentration of ownership which is reflected through policies leading to dispersed ownership structure of companies to become concentrated over time in a more regular manner. As 2007 IFC Corporate Governance Manual for Macedonian Companies indicates around 300,000 individuals become shareholders in the first phase of the privatization process. Later the process reinforced itself and eventually resulted with 255,000 in 2004 and 105,000 in August 2007 individuals as shareholders. This was result due imposed regulatory reform (Company Law, 1996) and also the development of the capital market urging for voluntary decisions of shareholders to sell their shares on the Macedonian Stock Exchange, characterized with constant default on minority shareholders and investor protection during this period. However, with creation of the Central Securities Depository (state authority for securities registration), the quality of the process had improved. Company shareholders as company employees and vice-versa, describes the phenomenon of the dual role and mutual interaction of these two categories as most of the employees are at the same time shareholders in the company. Thus, there is conflict in the rights and the duties as these two roles, which in essence oppose themselves and exclude each other. Indeed, this characteristic is problem of many transition economies and needs time to be resolved, while is still producing mixed outcomes. As a consequence of the previous two, there is the third main characteristic of the Macedonian economy in light of governance and enterprise restructuring i.e. lack of separation of companys ownership from companys control. This practice, despite the introduced regulation, is still lagging, hence the unfortunate problem where majority-vote shareholders who most often hold companies top positions, trigger overwhelming influence over comprehensive daily work of the enterprise. Further, this reduces and prevents the control systems vigilance and reporting to and from shareholders and investors. The forth important feature derived from the previous, is the inadequate oversight of managements work. This is due the fact that members of the supervisory board are individuals with lack of experience directly appointed by the controlling majority shareholders or in submission to the very persons that they are supposed to control. Research hypotheses Two basic hypotheses to test governance and enterprise restructuring: 1st Hypothesis: Governance and enterprise restructuring depend on set of policies : large-scale privatization, small-scale privatization, price liberalization, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange system, banking reform and interest rate liberalization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions and overall infrastructure reform; and , 2nd Hypothesis: Governance and enterprise restructuring is significant and improves over time due to imposed policies. Sample selection and Data It this paper it is used the same econometric model as in the first article. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Transition Report series have the latest information on the countries that are classified in transition. The data that this prominent organization offers are based on wide network of sources that they obtain from national and international authorities . EBRD tracks reforms and assesses the overall process of transition using set of transition indicators, which are formed in comparison to the standards of industrialized market economies. Further, the data sample is mainly drawn from the extended research and data bases of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Transition Report publication series. Consequently, the data used in this research are taken from their index structure economic statistics and forecasts . The scale used in shaping the transition indicators ranges from 1 to 4+, where 1 represents little or no change from a rigid centrally planned economy and 4+ represents the standards of an industrialized market economy . There are detailed numbers for the countries in transition analyzing the period of 1989 to 2009 in different areas. These indicators are sorted by sector and country and are analyzing nine arias: large scale privatization, small scale privatization, governance and enterprise restructuring, price liberalization, trade and foreign exchange system, competition policy, banking reform and interest rate liberalization, securities markets and non-bank financial institution s, and overall infrastructure reform .ÂÂ   Model and Econometrics The econometric model that is used in this study is a regression model where we have estimated the fallowing equation : (1) (2) Thus, applied to our research this model has the fallowing shape: (3) where the dependent variable, . shows governance and enterprise restructuring; the independent variables, are as follows : large-scale privatization; small-scale privatization; price liberalization; competition policy; trade and foreign exchange system; banking reform and interest rate liberalization; securities markets and non-bank financial institutions; overall infrastructure reform; ÂÂ  is aÂÂ  p-dimensionalÂÂ  parameter vector ; ÂÂ  is theÂÂ  error term orÂÂ  noise. Results and Effects The first hypothesis is that governance and enterprise restructuring depend on set of policies: large-scale privatization, small-scale privatization, price liberalization, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange system, banking reform and interest rate liberalization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions and overall infrastructure reform. The transition theory explains well the effects of privatization, restructuring, competition, budget constraints, policies of governance and management . The country results of the OLS regression for Macedonia (Figure 2) show that there are good results on correlation and dependence of governance and enterprise restructuring to large-scale privatization. However, the coefficients are negative pointing towards possible lag of governance mostly because of country specific dispersed ownership and agency conflicts as analyzed before (CG Manuel-IFC, 2007). The variable explaining trade and foreign exchange system and its relation to GOV behaves with mixed outcome depending on the model. Further, the price liberalization variable shows good results and there is good evidence and correlation between countrys governance, as well as, positive impact on GOV. The banking reform of the system and the interest rate liberalization demonstrated good results in contribution to the governance and enterprise restructuring. In this analysis the overall infrastructure reform has given important input in improving the overall economic governance, but the negative sign suggests some concern, as the disinvestment in infrastructure is constant lag in transition countries. On the other hand, governance and enterprise restructuring have strong relation to the small-scale privatization; competition policy and securities markets and non-bank financial institutions. In the case of these variables, the models have shown evidence i.e. p Figure I. Results of OLS on Macedonia The second hypothesis is that the variable governance and enterprise restructuring is significant and improves over time due to imposed policies. In the analysis (Figure 1) the results confirm this hypothesis with some mixed outcomes i.e. sluggishly improves over time. In fact, the close relation with number of these policies shows the significant impact of these policies to the way the governance and enterprise restructuring was imposed, positively or negatively. Thus, there is significant correlation to SSP, CP, BRIRL and SMNBFI, presenting outcomes to how each of these variables impacts GOV. Nonetheless, over time most of the variables improved and it is clear that there is relationship between them moving upwards. Further in Figure 2 we can see the movements of governance and enterprise restructuring over time. Also, in this case the analyzed variable moved alongside the increase of the other variables and towards positive upward climb. Figure 3 indicates that even though there is positive movement up, governance and enterprise restructuring is still at the bottom of estimated policies progress. Figure I. Macedonias Governance and Enterprise Restructuring Figure I. Indicators Dynamics Discussion On the first assumption that governance and enterprise restructuring depend on imposed set of policies, the analysis showed that there are mixed outcomes. There are positive and negative influences that eventually bring satisfactory picture for the overall governance and enterprise restructuring. On the other hand, due to analysis of the second assumption it is clear that as the transition process progressed along with the imposed reforms and there is a positive inclination of governance and enterprise restructuring. However, there is still more to be done in order to bring these economies closer to the standards of developed ones. Indeed, it is needed considerable improvement of corporate governance, institution-building to control agency problems and imposing already adopted regulation, as well as, enforcing new enterprise restructuring policies, within existing policies of overall transition economy restructuring.

The Arab-Israeli Conflict :: History Arabic Israel Essays

The Arab-Israeli Conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict is one of the most prolonged and bloody conflicts in not only modern history, but in the ancient world as well. The roots of the conflict, as well as the arguments on both sides, are as diversified and complicated as the conflict itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Israelites started to conquer and settle the â€Å"land of Canaan,† which is present day Israel, in 1250 B.C.. King Solomon ruled the Israelites and the land of Israel from 961-922 B.C.. Following his reign, Israel was split up into two kingdoms. The southern kingdom, Judah, was conquered by the Babylonians, who drove its people, the Jews, into exile and destroyed Solomon’s temple in 586 B.C.. After seventy years or so, the Jews began to return to Israel and the temple of Solomon was gradually rebuilt. By 333 B.C., Alexander the Great and his army brought the area under Greek control. By 165 B.C., a revolt in Judea established the last ancient Jewish state. Then, in 63 B.C., Judea was incorporated into the Roman province of Palestine. By 70 A.D., A revolt against Roman rule was put down by the Emperor Titus. Shortly after, the Temple of Solomon was once again destroyed. This marks the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora. From 118-138 A.D., during th e Emperor Hadrian’s reign, Jews were allowed to return to Israel. However, after another Jewish revolt in 133 A.D., Jerusalem was completely destroyed and its occupants, the Jews, banished and/or sold into slavery. Then, in 638 A.D., the Arabs came onto the scene in a major way with their conquest of the area. By early in the 8th century, the second Caliph of Islam, Omar, had built the Al-Asqa Mosque on the site in Jerusalem, or Al-Qods as the Arabs called the city, where they believe the prophet Mohammad ascended into Heaven. Except for the period of the Crusades, the area remained under Muslim rule under the Ottoman Empire until the United Nation’s mandate which gave the land over to the Jews to establish Israel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zionism is the international movement to establish a Jewish state in the land where Israel once stood. The first Zionist Congress met in Basle, Switzerland, in 1897 to discuss Theodore Herzl’s 1886 book, The Jewish State, in which he discussed establishing a Jewish state, primarily in response to European anti-semitism. The Congress issued the Basle program to establish â€Å"a home for the Jewish people in Palestine secured by public law.

Essay on the Irony of Pride in Pride and Prejudice -- Pride Prejudice

The Irony of Pride in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austen uses the elements of both pride and prejudice to develop the satire in her novel. Austen presents pride as both a vice and a virtue. Austen first introduces pride as a vice of arrogance and prejudice, but as the characters in the novel develop so does the concept of pride. Towards the end of the novel pride becomes the vehicle for many of the noble actions taken by the main characters. Austen skillfully interweaves the two parts of pride, the plot, and the main characters so that they develop together in the book. When we get to the end of the novel, we are left with a fuller understanding of the complexities of pride.    Throughout the first part of the novel pride is seen as negative and destructive. It is characterized as being conceited and arrogant. The actions of the main characters seem to be guided by selfish pride. It is this kind of pride that leads the main characters to act in ways that causes themselves and others much distress and suffering. In fact, the tensions, misunderstandings, and hostilities between the two main leading characters, Mr. Darcy and Miss Elizabeth Bennet are byproducts of the vice of arrogant pride.    When we first meet Mr. Darcy at an assembly, he is perceived as a handsome exciting young man who holds much promise as a gentleman and future husband. But the assembly guests soon scrutinize his prideful manners and actions and he is found to be less then desirable. Mrs. Bennet, Elizabeth's mother, sees him as the "proudest, most disagreeable man in the world." His conceited and prideful disposition not only offends her, but most of company at the assembly. His arrogance consumes him and his character, and veils any good... ...ouse Publishers, 1996. Hennelly, Jr., Mark M. "Pride and Prejudice." Jane Austen: New Perspectives. ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 1983. Jane Austen Info Page. Henry Churchyard. U of Texas, Austin. 23 Nov. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://www.pemberly.com/janeinfo/janeinfo/html>. Kaplan, Deborah.   Structures of Status: Eighteenth-Century Social Experience as Form in Courtesy Books and Jane Austen's Novels. Diss. University of Michigan, 1979. Monaghan, David.   Jane Austen Structure and Social Vision.   New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980. Poplawski, Paul.   A Jane Austen Encyclopedia.   Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. Reidhead, Julia, ed. Norton Anthology of English Literature vol. 7, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Ward, David Allen. "Pride and Prejudice." Explicator. 51.1: (1992).   

The Rise of Nazism in Germany

The rise of Nazism in Germany during the 1930's was not an inconceivable happening, considering the causes and effects in play at the time. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the popular acceptance of what was later to be Nazism was overwhelming. Nazism's evolution was methodically planned, and boldly executed. The word Nazism is defined by The Concise Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia as â€Å"the ideology and policies of Adolf Hitler and the National-Socialist German Workers' party from 1920-1945. † Subsequently, a Nazi is defined as a member of the National-Socialist German Workers' party led by Adolf Hitler. Nazism had its earliest roots in another â€Å"ism†. This is Nationalism, the sharing of a common pride, belief and loyalty by a singular group of people of a nation. However, it was this sincere form of Nationalism that was later warped, and used against the majority of the German people by Adolf Hitler for their apparent good. Hitler deceived them and they deceived themselves, all due to the ideal timing and chain of events. Prior to and during World War One, Germany was a powerful nation with colonial interests in Africa and Alsace-Lorraine. Germany was a centre of learning, culture, medicine and industry. The German government was a Parliamentary form, called the Reichstag. This system was efficient and yielded positive results for the people. Germany fielded a large and well-equipped army, led for decades by Generals of the Aristocracy. This all changed after Germany lost World War One, and especially after that fact was repeatedly emphasized. Due to the army's defeat, there was a loss of more than 3 million soldiers and unaccountable civilians. This meant the passing of most of an entire generation of workers, fathers, husbands and sons. Consequently, there came a loss of faith in the country's leadership. When the Treaty of Versailles' terms were being discussed, Germany was not welcomed, the country's leaders were needed only for their signature. They were expected to agree to the terms without question, which they ultimately did. The Germans referred to the treaty as a Diktat, which meant dictated peace. This reflects the feeling of the German people about being disregarded by other countries. Field Marshall Hindenburg said the following: â€Å"In the event of resumption of hostilities we can†¦ efend our frontiers in the east. In the west, however, we can scarcely count on being able to withstand a serious offensive†¦ The success of the operation as a whole is very doubtful, but as a soldier I cannot help feeling that it is better to die honourably than accept a disgraceful peace. † This was the general public opinion; nobody approved of the treaty, but if they did not accept it, they could no longer survive the combined powers of The United States, Great Britain and France, along with Belgium and other relatively small European countries. Even if the thought was there to not sign the treaty, the country had no choice because the consequences were too debilitating. This implied to the German people that Germany, in its present state, was a worthless country that can be pushed around by the others, and was unable to defend itself. The psyche of the people further worsened beginning in 1922 due to the French, who had invaded Germany because the country failed to make its second reparation payment. The French took over the most industrialized area, the Ruhr Valley, where they assumed possession of coalmines, railways and factories. To add to the fact that the German country was losing their largest source of wealth to another country that stole the area, prices were quickly rising as an effect. The price of a loaf of bread rose from half a mark in 1918 to 201,000 million marks in 1923. The Germans were unable to feed themselves and their families because of this hyperinflation. This caused more deaths and suffering among the people and further disappointed them. In 1923, Hitler made his first attempt to overthrow the German government. He was supported by many and began a Putsch, an attempt to seize power by force, in Munich. The government had Hitler arrested for treason and sentenced to five years in prison. Although he served only nine months of his sentence, he had enough time to gather his thoughts and organize the plan he would need in order to rise to power over German people. During this time he wrote Mein Kampf, which was the beginning of his explanation of his hopes and dreams for Germany. His time away from society was just what he needed and without it, would probably not have become the dictator he later became. When Hitler came out of prison, he began offering the people what seemed to be an attractive alternative to their suffering. Some of his alleged goals were to ensure the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, cease non-German immigration, the abolition of income unless it was earned through work, increase profit sharing and to allow only members of the German nation to work as newspaper owners, editors, and journalists and radio broadcasters. Hitler's ten goals had a goal of themselves, to make German people feel appreciated, important, and superior. This certainly appealed to a population of desperate individuals who would have accepted just about anybody as a leader. Not only were the people gaining hope because they saw a new face, but this face was willing to change Germany in their favour, he wanted Germany to be a better place for them. Hitler's exaggerations certainly improved his odds of becoming a dictator. The economy played an important role in Hitler's rise. As the economy became more unstable, the Nazis won more seats in the Reichstag. In 1924, as the economy was unstable due to the French invasion, the Nazis had 32 seats. The number dropped in 1924 to 14 seats, as the economy slowly recovered and then again in 1928 to 12 seats, as the recovery process sped up. However, in 1930, as the world was suffering due to 1929's stock market crash, the party owned 107 seats. Then, in 1932, the number rose once again to 230 seats as massive unemployment became a harsh reality. In January 1933, Hitler came to power legally. The most important move he made was the passing of The Enabling Laws. This allowed Hitler to make laws without having them approved by the Reichstag. This is when Hitler truly became a dictator. Hitler's rise to power can be accounted for by his luck of appearing at a time when the people of his country were discouraged and desperate, and his twisted, determined drive. Hitler took advantage of the times and without them being what they were, he would have never became a dictator. He united the German people by assigning to them a common foe, and a goal, to rid themselves of this foe. He allowed for his people somebody to blame and resent, which took the hatred away from its original destination, the German government. The death of a generation of men, the loss of a war, the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, mounting inflation, the worldwide economic crisis, the lack of faith in the past government and Hitler's deceiving promises are the causes of his rise to power. He was a frightfully determined man who managed to leave Germany in a state worse than it was when he promised to improve it, without ever losing the faith of his followers. The Nazi party, led by Adolf Hitler had dreams of a thousand year Reich. Thankfully, Nazism lasted only twenty-five years. At the end of World War 2, the Nazi party was outlawed.